CBSE
CLASS 10 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND
NOTES
1. Carbon:
👉Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis of organic chemistry.
👉 It has the unique ability to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and a wide variety of other elements.
2. Covalent Bonding:
👉Carbon atoms can form strong covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
👉Single, double, and triple covalent bonds can be formed between carbon atoms and other elements.
3. Allotropes of Carbon:
👉Carbon exists in various forms known as allotropes, such as diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.
👉Diamond has a 3D network structure, making it the hardest natural substance.
👉Graphite has a layered structure and is a good conductor of electricity.
👉Fullerenes are spherical carbon molecules, including buckyballs and nanotubes.
4. Versatility of Carbon:
👉 Carbon compounds exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties due to the unique bonding characteristics of carbon.
👉 Carbon can form chains, branches, and rings, allowing for the formation of countless organic compounds.
5. Functional Groups:
👉 Functional groups are specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon chain that determine the properties and reactivity of organic compounds.
👉 Examples of functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (>C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH2) groups.
6. Organic Compounds:
👉 Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other elements.
👉 They include hydrocarbons (compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen) and their derivatives.
7. Isomerism:
👉 Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or spatial orientations.
👉 Structural isomerism, functional group isomerism, and stereoisomerism are common types of isomerism.
8. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:
👉 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules are used for naming organic compounds.
👉 The name is based on the number of carbon atoms, the functional groups present, and their position in the carbon chain.
9. Homologous Series:
👉 Homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
👉 Members of a homologous series have a gradual increase in molecular size and a consistent change in physical and chemical properties.
10. Chemical Reactions of Organic Compounds:
👉 Organic compounds undergo various chemical reactions, including combustion, addition, substitution, and esterification.
👉Combustion of organic compounds produces carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.
⭐ These are some key points to help you understand Chapter 4: Carbon and Its Compounds. Remember to refer to your textbook and class notes for a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
FAQ
Q1. What is the atomic number of carbon?
Solution: The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Q2. Define a covalent bond.
Solution: A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Q3. Why is carbon called a versatile element?
Solution: Carbon is called a versatile element because it can form bonds with other carbon atoms and with atoms of many other elements, resulting in a wide variety of compounds.
Q4. What are the allotropes of carbon? Give examples.
Solution: Allotropes of carbon are different forms of carbon with varying molecular structures. Examples include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes like buckminsterfullerene (C60) and carbon nanotubes.
Q5. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Solution: Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds between carbon atoms and are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.
Q6. Write the chemical formula and the structural formula of methane.
Solution: Chemical formula: CH4; Structural formula: H - C - H (four hydrogen atoms bonded to a central carbon atom)
Q7. Explain the process of the formation of soap.
Solution: Soap is formed through the saponification reaction, where a fat or oil reacts with a strong base (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to produce soap molecules and glycerol.
Q8. What are carbohydrates?
Solution: Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose, and are essential sources of energy for living organisms.
Q9. Name two compounds used as common antiseptics.
Solution: Two common antiseptics are dettol (chloroxylenol) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Q10. What is the process of photosynthesis?
Solution: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to synthesize glucose and release oxygen. It occurs in the presence of chlorophyll in chloroplasts.
⭐ I hope these FAQs and solutions help you in understanding the chapter better. If you have any more questions, feel free to ask!
